Most fans are staying in other Gulf countries and flying in for games due to lack of accommodation in Qatar [Source: Hamad Mohammed via BBC]

In the run-up to the World Cup, Qatar pledged to make this the first carbon-neutral event in the tournament’s history.

But climate advocates raised serious doubts about its sustainability claims. So, is Qatar living up to its promise?

Due to an acute shortage of hotel rooms in Qatar, tens of thousands of visitors are staying in neighbouring Gulf countries, including the United Arab Emirates.

A shuttle flight service has been set up to take fans to football matches, with an estimated 500 daily flights in and out of Qatar’s capital, Doha. Of those, Dubai in the UAE is operating nearly 120 flights every day.

The environmental cost of transporting fans to the host nation by plane has come under scrutiny.

The Paris-based carbon accounting firm Greenly estimates the shuttle flights have resulted in between 6,000 and 8,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions every day since the tournament started.

The immense volume of shuttle flights undermines the organiser’s pledge to minimise flying during the tournament, Khaled Diab, of advocacy group Carbon Market Watch, says.

“One of the rationales for having so many stadiums concentrated in a small geographical area was to help reduce emissions related to air travel,” he says.

The World Cup was expected to attract more 1.2 million visitors, but Qatar only had 30,000 hotel rooms, 80% of which were booked in advance by Fifa for football teams, officials and sponsors.

To boost accommodation options, the organisers offered shared rooms in empty apartments, villas, fan villages and traditional-style tents in the desert. But these options turned out to be quite expensive, forcing many fans to look for other avenues.

Dubai has been packed with fans, with the Dubai Sports Council estimating that there would be one million additional visitors during the course of the tournament.

Shuttle flights allow travellers to book same-day round-trip flights from Dubai or other Gulf locations to attend a match in Qatar and return. Private jets and charters are also in huge demand, with hundreds landing in Qatar every day from around the region.

Mr Diab, from Carbon Market Watch, says their use shows the pledge to make the tournament carbon neutral was never serious.

“If they wanted, they could have looked for other solutions, like driving from neighbouring countries,” he says.

But Qatar has defended its decisions.

A spokesman for the World Cup Organising Committee says its shuttle service has enabled “efficient direct flights to and from the Fifa World Cup in Qatar”.

“Direct flights are significantly more carbon effective than flights with stopovers,” he says. “At the same time, because of the compact nature of the tournament, domestic flights will not be taken by fans.”

Qatar plans to count emissions produced by the shuttle flights as part of the event’s overall carbon footprint.

The organisers expect the World Cup to produce 3.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, with travel – the largest contributor – accounting for 52% of it.